Confronting the controversy: interleukin-6 and the COVID-19 cytokine storm syndrome

LYC Chen, RL Hoiland, S Stukas… - European …, 2020 - Eur Respiratory Soc
The concept of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related cytokine storm syndrome
(COVID-CSS) emerged early in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS …

Cytokine storm and the prospects for immunotherapy with COVID-19.

LH Calabrese - Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 2020 - europepmc.org
Knowledge about the pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 as it interacts with immune defenses is
limited. SARS-CoV-2 is spread by droplets that come into contact with mucous membranes …

Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection: immune cells and mediators, prognostic factors, and immune-therapeutic implications

A Allegra, M Di Gioacchino, A Tonacci… - International journal of …, 2020 - mdpi.com
The present is a comprehensive review of the immunopathology of Covid-19. The immune
reaction to SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by differentiation and proliferation of a …

Controlling cytokine storm is vital in COVID-19

L Tang, Z Yin, Y Hu, H Mei - Frontiers in immunology, 2020 - frontiersin.org
Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global outbreak and severely posed
threat to people's health and social stability. Mounting evidence suggests that …

Is severe COVID-19 a cytokine storm syndrome: a hyperinflammatory debate

P Mehta, DC Fajgenbaum - Current opinion in Rheumatology, 2021 - journals.lww.com
Hyperinflammation is a key component of severe COVID-19, residing underneath the
cytokine storm umbrella term, associated with poor outcomes. Better understanding of the …

Innate receptor activation patterns involving TLR and NLR synergisms in COVID-19, ALI/ARDS and sepsis cytokine storms: a review and model making novel …

R Root-Bernstein - International journal of molecular sciences, 2021 - mdpi.com
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet
understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll …

Calming the storm: natural immunosuppressants as adjuvants to target the cytokine storm in COVID-19

AE Peter, BV Sandeep, BG Rao… - Frontiers in …, 2021 - frontiersin.org
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis, with no specific antiviral to treat
the infection and the absence of a suitable vaccine to prevent it. While some individuals …

[HTML][HTML] Immunopathogenesis and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19

JS Kim, JY Lee, JW Yang, KH Lee, M Effenberger… - Theranostics, 2021 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Abstract Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by systemic hyper-
inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ failure. Cytokine …

Unraveling the mystery surrounding post-acute sequelae of COVID-19

RK Ramakrishnan, T Kashour, Q Hamid… - Frontiers in …, 2021 - frontiersin.org
More than one year since its emergence, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still
looming large with a paucity of treatment options. To add to this burden, a sizeable subset of …

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and nicotine in COVID-19 patients: trying to calm the storm

J Gonzalez-Rubio, C Navarro-Lopez… - Frontiers in …, 2020 - frontiersin.org
SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic. It causes severe
acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19), which is fatal in many cases, and is characterized …