The fundamental equation in evolutionary quantitative genetics, the Lande equation,
describes the response to directional selection as a product of the additive genetic variance …

Studies of phenotypic selection document directional selection in many natural populations.
What factors reduce total directional selection and the cumulative evolutionary responses to …

Directional selection is a major force driving adaptation and evolutionary change. However,
the distribution, strength, and tempo of phenotypic selection acting on quantitative traits in …

There are now thousands of estimates of phenotypic selection in natural populations,
resulting in multiple synthetic reviews of these data. Here we consider several major lessons …

The advent of multiple regression analyses of natural selection has facilitated estimates of
both the direct and indirect effects of selection on many traits in numerous organisms …

How strong is phenotypic selection on quantitative traits in the wild? We reviewed the
literature from 1984 through 1997 for studies that estimated the strength of linear and …

The Lande equation forms the basis for our understanding of the short‐term evolution of
quantitative traits in a multivariate context. It predicts the response to selection as the product …

Local adaptation, adaptive population divergence and speciation are often expected to
result from populations evolving in response to spatial variation in selection. Yet, we lack a …

The use of regression analysis has been instrumental in allowing evolutionary biologists to
estimate the strength and mode of natural selection. Although directional and correlational …

The fitness function f relates fitness of individuals to the quantitative trait under natural
selection. The function is useful in predicting fitness differences among individuals and in …