Cytokine storm has been postulated as one of the major causes of mortality in patients with
severe respiratory viral infections such as influenza. With the help of an influenza Ag-specific …

Highlights•Local interaction between APCs and T cells controls influenza T cell
responses.•Effector T cells use multiple mechanisms to restrict influenza infection.•Target …

Influenza virus infection is restricted to airway-associated tissues and elicits both cellular
and humoral responses ultimately resulting in generation of memory cells able to initiate a …

The viral infection of higher vertebrates elicits potent innate and adaptive host immunity.
However, an excessive or inappropriate immune response also may lead to host pathology …

The 2009 influenza pandemic highlighted the threat that type A influenza poses to human
health. Thus, there is an urgency to understand the pathobiology of influenza infection and …

Antiinfluenza type 2 (T2) immunity contributes to both immunopathology and
immunoprotection, yet the underlying mechanisms modulating T2 immunity remain ill …

Recent studies indicate that IFN-γ may influence both the expansion and the trafficking of
virus-specific CD8+ CTL, though the effects are not necessarily consistent for different …

ABSTRACT Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a highly suppressive T cell
subset with well-characterized immunosuppressive effects during immune homeostasis and …

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections, with increased risk of
severe illness and death in the very young, aged, and immunocompromised individuals. In …

Infectious dose of influenza determines inflammatory, innate, and adaptive CD8+ T cell
responses, and modulates central and effector protective immunity to heterologous infection …