Antiretroviral drugs currently in use for treating HIV-1 infection are very effective at
maintaining low viral loads and clinical stability, but have been limited by their inability to …

In persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and/or acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the immune system becomes dysfunctional in many …

Abstract Purpose of Review This review focuses on the differential effects of contemporary
antiretrovirals on systemic inflammation as heightened immune activation is linked to …

Inflammation and immune activation have been thrust to center stage in the understanding
of HIV-1 disease pathogenesis and progression. Early work demonstrated that heightened …

Although antiretroviral therapy effectively controls human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
replication, a residual chronic immune activation/inflammation persists throughout the …

A main feature of HIV infection is the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines.
Proinflammatory cytokines expressed as soluble factors or membrane-bound molecules …

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are immune disorders whose incidence and prevalence are
increasing year by year. AIDs are produced by the immune system's misidentification of self …

HIV-infection is associated with ongoing activation of the immune system and persistent
inflammation. These are key driving forces in the loss of CD4+ T cells, progression to AIDS …

Human immunodeficiency virus infection leads to a deregulated production of a number of
cytokines. Some of them (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, interferon-γ) are produced in increased amounts …

Cytokines play an important role in controlling the homoeostasis of the immune system.
Infection with HIV results in dysregulation of the cytokine profile in vivo and in vitro. During …