Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has
caused a deadly pandemic in the 21st century, resulting in many deaths, economic loss, and …

The sudden emergence of a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
in December 2019 from China and its rapid global spread has posed an international health …

It is striking that all marketed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are developed for intramuscular
administration designed to produce humoral and cell mediated immune responses …

Based on mucosal immunization to promote both mucosal and systemic immune responses,
next-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines would be administered …

The development and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrated major
successes in providing immunity and preventing severe disease and death. Yet SARS-CoV …

The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has played a critical role in reducing pandemic
spread, disease severity, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, the first-generation …

Abstract Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the
newly emerged virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

On November 7th and 8th, 2022, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
(NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), The Coalition for Epidemic …

Abstract Unlike conventional Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, intranasal vaccines
display a superior advantage because the nasal mucosa is often the initial site of infection …

Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are all designed for intramuscular (IM) immunization.
However, vaccination today failed to prevent the virus infection through the upper respiratory …