Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, after
Alzheimer's disease. The potential causes of PD remain uncertain, but recent studies …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation causes degeneration of nigral
dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Here, we examined whether fluoxetine prevents LPS-induced …

Stress has been well documented to bring about various clinical disorders, ranging from
neurodegeneration, such as Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), to metabolic …

Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Epidemiologic, animal, human, and therapeutic studies support the role of oxidative stress …

Most acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions are accompanied by
neuroinflammation; yet the exact nature of the inflammatory processes and whether they …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized
neuropathologically by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, intracellular …

Microglia, often described as the brain-resident macrophages, play crucial roles in central
nervous system development, maintenance, plasticity, and adaptation to the environment …

Synaptic deficits and neuronal dystrophy in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are linked to
behavioral and cognitive symptoms in depressed individuals. Preclinical studies indicate …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by degeneration of the
nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the resultant …

Microglial activation has been associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
(PD). Among the many components of this reaction, cytokines have been proposed as …