A plethora of research has implicated hundreds of putative biomarkers for depression, but
has not yet fully elucidated their roles in depressive illness or established what is abnormal …

Introduction: Millions of people worldwide suffer from depression, but despite advances in
pharmacological therapies, many patients do not experience symptomatic remission or …

Major depressive disorder is a heterogeneous disorder, mostly diagnosed on the basis of
symptomatic criteria alone. It would be of great help when specific biomarkers for various …

Depression is the leading psychiatric disorder worldwide with a significant economic and
emotional strain on society. There is a need for robust biomarkers which will help improve …

Background In recent years, we have accomplished a deeper understanding about the
pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Nevertheless, this improved …

Highlights•Patients differing in causal mechanisms of depression require specific
treatments.•Promising biomarkers for antidepressant response are highlighted and …

Abstract Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or depression is a pathological mental condition
affecting millions of people worldwide. Identification of objective biological markers of …

Biological markers for depression are of great interest to aid in elucidating the causes of
major depression. We assess currently available biological markers to query their validity for …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous illness for which there are currently no
effective methods to objectively assess severity, endophenotypes, or response to treatment …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) contributes to a significant worldwide disease burden,
expected to be second only to heart disease by 2050. However, accurate diagnosis has …