Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinical expression is
pleiomorphic, severity is related to age and comorbidities such as diabetes and …

The dysregulated release of cytokines has been identified as one of the key factors behind
poorer outcomes in COVID-19. This “cytokine storm” produces an excessive inflammatory …

Severe COVID-19 patients show various immunological abnormalities including T-cell
reduction and cytokine release syndrome, which can be fatal and is a major concern of the …

Studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–infected
patients and experimentally infected animals indicate a critical role for augmented …

Covid-19 features a delayed onset of critical illness occurring approximately one week from
the beginning of symptoms, which corresponds to the bridging of innate and adaptive …

Objectives The severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is largely determined by
the immune response. First studies indicate altered lymphocyte counts and function …

The pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still not fully unraveled. Though …

Objectives We hypothesized that immune response may contribute to progression of
coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) at the second week of illness. Therefore, we compared …

The high infection rate and rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) make it a world-wide pandemic. Individuals infected by the virus exhibited …

Mononuclear phagocytes are a widely distributed family of cells contributing to innate and
adaptive immunity. Circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages participate in all stages …