Abstract 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) presents as a newly recognized pneumonia
and could rapidly progress into acute respiratory distress syndrome which has brought …

We demonstrate that the general clinical conditions, risk factors and numerous pathological
and biological features of COVID-19 are analogous with various disorders caused by the …

Cytokine storm syndrome is a cascade of escalated immune responses disposing the
immune system to exhaustion, which might ultimately result in organ failure and fatal …

The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, December 2019 …

Although COVID-19 has become a major challenge to global health, there are currently no
efficacious agents for effective treatment. Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) can lead to acute …

Importance An ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has exhibited significant threats around the
world. We found a significant decrease of T lymphocyte subsets and an increase of …

Proper management of COVID-19 mandates better understanding of disease pathogenesis.
The sudden clinical deterioration 7–8 days after initial symptom onset suggests that severe …

Most SARS-CoV2 infections will not develop into severe COVID-19. However, in some
patients, lung infection leads to the activation of alveolar macrophages and lung epithelial …

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease
caused by SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral immune response is crucial to achieve pathogen …

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has
challenged medicine and health care on a global scale. Its impact and frightening mortality …