Human-caused climate change is perhaps the defining environmental issue of the early
twenty-first century. We observe the earth's climate in the present, but observations of future …

The need to operationalize climate modelling | Nature Climate Change Skip to main content
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Abstract Earth System models (ESMs) are global climate models with the added capability to
explicitly represent biogeochemical processes that interact with the physical climate and so …

Quantitative projections of future climate are in increasing demand from the scientific
community, policymakers and other stakeholders. Climate models of varying complexity are …

Recently a number of scientists have proposed substantial changes to the practice of climate
modeling, though they disagree over what those changes should be. We provide an …

This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this
report for projecting future climate change. Confidence in model estimates of future climate …

A comprehensive analysis of all the components of the climate system (atmosphere, ocean,
ice sheets, etc) and of all the interactions between them is out of the scope of any course or …

Provides students with a solid foundation in climate science, with which to understand global
warming, natural climate variations, and climate models. As climate models are one of our …

The history of climate modeling begins with conceptual models, followed in the 19th century
by mathematical models of energy balance and radiative transfer, as well as simple analog …

The global environment is a complex and dynamic system. Earth system modeling is
needed to help understand changes in interacting subsystems, elucidate the influence of …