Combination therapies are superior to monotherapy for many cancers. This advantage was
historically ascribed to the ability of combinations to address tumor heterogeneity, but …

Drugs are often used in combination to treat bacterial infections, viruses, and cancer. Drug
combinations may exhibit increased potency, decreased dosagerelated side effects, and …

Mechanistic insights into disease pathogenesis are critical for optimal therapeutic
development. With the exception of rare mono-or oligogenic disorders caused by clearly …

Signaling networks play key homeostatic processes in living organisms but are commonly
hijacked in oncogenesis. Prominent examples include genetically altered receptor tyrosine …

Abstract Systems biology is essentially a proteomic and epigenetic exercise because the
relatively condensed information of genomes unfolds on the level of proteins. The flexibility …

Numerous practical issues must be considered when combining targeted therapies in early
clinical drug development. These include tumor resistance mechanisms, the existence of …

Combination therapies that enhance efficacy or permit reduced dosages to be administered
have seen great success in a variety of therapeutic applications. More fundamentally, the …

Drug development in oncology is highly challenging, with less than 5% success rate in
clinical trials. This alarming figure points out the need to study in more details the multiple …

Therapeutic regimens that comprise more than one active ingredient are commonly used in
clinical medicine. Despite this, most drug discovery efforts search for drugs that are …

Combinatorial control of biological processes, in which redundancy and multifunctionality
are the norm, fundamentally limits the therapeutic index that can be achieved by even the …