Concrete exposed to sulfates in hot and arid regions can severely suffer from salt
weathering. The resulting damage is typically localized at the above ground portion of …

Durability of concrete exposed to sulfates has primarily been studied on specimens fully-
submerged in sulfate solutions. However, field experience shows that concrete exposed to …

When a residential concrete foundation is constructed on sulfate-bearing ground, scaling of
the concrete surface often arises from the crystallization and hydration pressure of the …

There is currently dearth of information on the durability of two-stage concrete (TSC) to
physical and chemical sulfate exposure. TSC differs from conventional concrete in many …

Sulfate attack can cause severe damage to concrete structures. The most common
mitigation strategy against chemical sulfate attack in concrete is reduction of water to …

Due to several similarities in deterioration behavior between concrete and other porous
materials, sulfate salt weathering is regularly considered to be the degradation mechanism …

Traditionally, the extent of sulfate attack is qualified through visual rating or quantified by the
percent expansion of slender bars completely submerged in sulfate solution. There are …

It has been well established that supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can
significantly enhance the resistance of concrete to chemical sulfate attack. However, the …

Sulfate induced degradation of concrete brings great damage to concrete structures in
saline or offshore areas. The degradation mechanism of cast-in-situ concrete still remains …

Physical salt attack (PSA) is a deterioration mechanism caused by crystallization of salts in
pores. Many experimental studies have shown that pore size distribution influences cement …