The variation among faces can be partitioned into two sources:(a) shape and (b) surface
reflectance. To compare the utility of shape and reflectance for face recognition, we created …

Studies of the inverted-face effect typically use photos as stimuli. Inverting photos not only
misorients the face but also reverses important shading and shadow cues. We decoupled …

When information about three-dimensional shape obtained from shading and shadows is
ambiguous, the visual system favours an interpretation of surface geometry which is …

The identification of upright faces seems to involve a special sensitivity to “configural”
information, the processing of which is less effective when the face is inverted. However the …

An image of a face depends not only on its shape, but also on the viewpoint, illumination
conditions, and facial expression. A face recognition system must overcome the changes in …

Abstract “Facial inversion effects” refers to the findings that recognition of inverted faces is
less accurate than recognition of upright faces. We now report inversion effects for isolated …

When faces are turned upside down, recognition is known to be severely disrupted. This
effect is thought to be due to disruption of configurai processing. Recently, Leder and Bruce …

Research suggests that inverted faces are harder to recognise than upright faces because of
a disruption in processing their configural properties. Reasons for this difficulty were …

The fact that faces are strongly affected by picture-plane inversion has often been cited as
evidence for face-specific mechanisms. It is unclear, however, whether this “face inversion …

The face inversion effect, evidence that humans possess a specialized system for face
processing, and the ¾ view advantage, evidence that a canonical viewpoint exists from …