Much of the international legal debate about regulating force and self-defence takes place
on a substantive axis, focusing on the scope of force prohibitions and exceptions. This article …

The pendulum of international security law in recent years seems firmly to have swung
towards the less restrictive side, both in scholarship and state practice. On the other hand …

Despite recent attempts by scholars to examine the absolute prohibition of threats of force
under Article 2 (4) of the UN Charter, threats remain a largely un-chartered area in …

Under Attack makes a new contribution to the field of international relations in general and
the study of international law and armed conflict in particular, in two core ways. First, it links …

Since the UN Charter's regime for collective security was established immediately after the
Second World War, there have been several significant changes to the global security …

When the United Nations Charter was adopted in 1945, states established a
legalparadigm'for regulating the recourse to armed force. In the years since then, however …

States invariably justify using force extraterritorially by reference to their right of self-defence.
In doing so, they accept that the exercise of this right is conditioned by the customary …

Since the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945, there has been almost continuous debate
regarding the provisions governing the international use of force. On the one hand, the UN …

This article examines the different approaches of European and US policy makers to the use
of force in a changing world. The truths and fallacies pertaining to these approaches lead …

documents. Rather, it has to be determined through the analysis of the practice regarding
the interpretation and application of these norms by the subjects to which these are …