Studies of phenotypic selection document directional selection in many natural populations.
What factors reduce total directional selection and the cumulative evolutionary responses to …

There are now thousands of estimates of phenotypic selection in natural populations,
resulting in multiple synthetic reviews of these data. Here we consider several major lessons …

How strong is phenotypic selection on quantitative traits in the wild? We reviewed the
literature from 1984 through 1997 for studies that estimated the strength of linear and …

Directional selection is a major force driving adaptation and evolutionary change. However,
the distribution, strength, and tempo of phenotypic selection acting on quantitative traits in …

Selection is a central process in nature. Although our understanding of the strength and form
of selection has increased, a general understanding of the temporal dynamics of selection in …

Local adaptation, adaptive population divergence and speciation are often expected to
result from populations evolving in response to spatial variation in selection. Yet, we lack a …

Although many selection estimates have been published, the environmental factors that
cause selection to vary in space and time have rarely been identified. One way to identify …

The fundamental equation in evolutionary quantitative genetics, the Lande equation,
describes the response to directional selection as a product of the additive genetic variance …

Although there are many examples of contemporary directional selection, evidence for
responses to selection that match predictions are often missing in quantitative genetic …

The strength of selection in nature has long been a controversial subject, partly because
there were few quantitative measurements of phenotypic selection available until recently. In …