The neural circuitry underlying the fear response is extremely well conserved across
mammalian species, which has allowed for the rapid translation of research findings in …

A goal of fear and anxiety research is to understand how to treat the potentially devastating
effects of anxiety disorders in humans. Much of this research utilizes classical fear …

Laboratory models of extinction learning in animals and humans have the potential to
illuminate methods for improving clinical treatment of fear-based clinical disorders. However …

Pavlovian conditioning paradigms have become important model systems for understanding
the neuroscience of behavior. In particular, studies of the extinction of Pavlovian fear …

Fear extinction, the reduction of fear by repeated exposure to the object of fear, is a crucial
paradigm of inhibitory learning and the acknowledged preclinical model for behavior …

Abstract Nearly 100 years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a
neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings …

A single session of exposure therapy can eliminate recalcitrant and disabling fear of
phobogenic objects or situations. We studied neural mechanisms of this remarkable …

Fear conditioning is one of the most widely used animal models for studying the
neurobiological basis of fear and anxiety states. Conditioned inhibition of fear (or learned …

Fear extinction is the decrease in conditioned fear responses that normally occurs when a
conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented in the absence of the aversive …

Understanding how fears are acquired is an important step in translating basic research to
the treatment of fear-related disorders. However, understanding how learned fears are …