Using shock avoidance procedures to study conditioned behavioral responses has a rich
history within the field of experimental psychology. Such experiments led to the formulation …

The mesolimbic dopamine system is believed to be a pathway that processes rewarding
information. While previous studies have also implicated a general role for dopamine in …

It is a joyous relief when an event we dread fails to materialize. In fear extinction, the
appetitive nature of an omitted aversive event is not a mere epiphenomenon but drives the …

Treatment with pimozide, a neuroleptic drug which blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors,
retarded active avoidance performance among naive mice. The performance deficit was …

Phasic dopamine (DA) release accompanies approach toward appetitive cues. However, a
role for DA in the active avoidance of negative events remains undetermined. Warning …

Dopamine systems have been implicated in the performance of avoidance behavior, and the
dopaminergic innervation of medial prefrontal cortex is known to be responsive to stressful …

Learning to avoid aversive outcomes is an adaptive strategy to limit one's future exposure to
stressful events. However, there is considerable variance in active avoidance learning …

We conducted an experiment in which hedonia, salience and prediction error hypotheses
predicted different patterns of dopamine (DA) release in the striatum during learning of …

The role of dopaminergic brain regions in avoidance behaviour is unclear. Active avoidance
requires motivation, and the latter is linked to increased activity in dopaminergic regions …

Elevated levels of fear and avoidance are core symptoms across the anxiety disorders. It has
long been known that fear serves to motivate avoidance. Consequently, fear extinction has …