Learning to recognize and respond to potential threats is crucial for survival. Pavlovian
threat conditioning represents a key paradigm for investigating the neurobiological …

The neural circuitry underlying the fear response is extremely well conserved across
mammalian species, which has allowed for the rapid translation of research findings in …

Synaptic plasticity in the form of long-term potentiation (LTP) plays a critical role in the
formation of a Pavlovian fear association. However, the role that synaptic plasticity plays in …

In anxiety disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorders and phobias, classical
conditioning pairs natural (unconditioned) fear-eliciting stimuli with contextual or discrete …

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) contribute to synaptic plasticity underlying
learning in a variety of brain systems. Fear extinction, which involves learning to suppress …

Therapeutic interventions for disorders of fear and anxiety rely on behavioral approaches
that reduce pathological fear memories. For example, learning that threat-predictive stimuli …

Extinction-based exposure therapy is used to treat anxiety-and trauma-related disorders;
however, there is the need to improve its limited efficacy in individuals with impaired fear …

The interplay between fear expression and fear extinction provides an important prerequisite
for adequate coping with aversive encounters. Current models propose that extinction of …

Learning to contend with threats in the environment is essential to survival, but dysregulation
of memories for traumatic events can lead to disabling psychopathology. Recent years have …

The ability to extinguish fear memories when threats are no longer present is critical for
adaptive behavior. Fear extinction represents a new learning process that eventually leads …