Of the seven coronaviruses associated with disease in humans, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV
and SARS-CoV-2 cause considerable mortality but also share significant sequence …

ABSTRACT A dysregulated innate immune response and exuberant cytokine/chemokine
expression are believed to be critical factors in the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory …

Activation of host innate immune responses was studied in severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (SCV)-infected human A549 lung epithelial cells, macrophages, and …

Background An understanding of immune responses against the Middle East respiratory
syndrome (MERS) is important for the development of treatments and preventive measures …

The nasal epithelium is the initial entry portal and primary barrier to infection by all human
coronaviruses (HCoVs). We utilize primary human nasal epithelial cells grown at air–liquid …

Two zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs)—SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV—have crossed species to
cause severe human respiratory disease. Here, we showed that induction of airway memory …

Three novel coronaviruses have emerged as new lethal zoonotic pathogens of humans
during the past 17 years: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus …

Two novel coronaviruses have emerged in humans in the twenty-first century: severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome …

Acute viral pneumonia is an important cause of acute lung injury (ALI), although not enough
is known about the exact incidence of viral infection in ALI. Polymerase chain reaction …

ABSTRACT A new human coronavirus (hCoV-EMC) has emerged very recently in the
Middle East. The clinical presentation resembled that of the severe acute respiratory …