Selection is widely accepted as the principal force shaping phenotypic variation within
populations. Its importance in speciation and macroevolution has been questioned …

Studies of phenotypic selection document directional selection in many natural populations.
What factors reduce total directional selection and the cumulative evolutionary responses to …

A population is polymorphic when its members fall into two or more categories, referred to as
alternative phenotypes. There are many kinds of phenotypic polymorphisms, with …

Evolutionary biologists have long sought a way to determine whether a phenotypic
difference between two taxa was caused by natural selection or random genetic drift. Here I …

Abstract In 1983, Russell Lande and Stevan Arnold published “The measurement of
selection on correlated characters,” which became a highly influential citation classic in …

Observations about the number, frequency, effect size, and genomic distribution of alleles
associated with complex traits must be interpreted in light of evolutionary process. These …

Replicated selection experiments provide a powerful way to study how “multiple adaptive
solutions” may lead to differences in the quantitative–genetic architecture of selected traits …

Strong directional, and to some degree stabilizing, selection usually erodes only additive
genetic variance while not affecting dominance variance. Consequently, traits closely …

Divergent selection applied to one or more traits drives local adaptation and may lead to
ecological speciation. Divergent selection on many traits might be termed “multidimensional” …

Divergent natural selection has been shown to promote speciation in many taxa. However,
although divergent selection often initiates the process of speciation, it often fails to complete …