Macrophages are the first line of defense of the organism against pathogens and, in
response to the microenvironment, become differentially activated. In the presence of IL-4 …

Cytokines activate or inhibit immune cell behavior and are thus integral to all immune
responses. IL-1α and IL-1β are powerful apical cytokines that instigate multiple downstream …

Sepsis with subsequent multiple organ dysfunction is a pronounced systemic inflammatory
response to concealed or known infection and is a leading cause of death in intensive care …

Although interest in “cytokine storms” has surged over the past decade, it was massively
amplified in 2020 when it was suggested that a subset of patients with COVID-19 developed …

Sepsis is known since the time (470 BC) of great Greek physician, Hippocrates.
Advancement in modern medicine and establishment of separate branches of medical …

The elevated circulating levels of cytokines associated with a variety of infectious and
immune-mediated conditions are frequently termed a cytokine storm. Here, we explain the …

Inflammation is the body's first line of defense against infection or injury, responding to
challenges by activating innate and adaptive responses. Microbes have evolved a diverse …

Inflammation is triggered when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury.
Surveillance mechanisms involve pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface …

Cellular and Molecular Immunology takes a comprehensive yet straightforward approach to
the latest developments in this active and fast-changing field. Drs. Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H …

Inflammation is characterized by an interplay between pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Cytokines are commonly classified in one or the other category: interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor …