ABSTRACT Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has seriously affected the treatment of
patients and social stability. In the later stage of disease, some COVID-19 patients may …

Hyper-inflammatory responses, lymphopenia, unbalanced immune responses, cytokine
storm, large viral replication and massive cell death play fundamental roles in the …

SARS‐CoV‐2 has developed a variety of approaches to counteract host innate antiviral
immunity to facilitate its infection, replication and pathogenesis, but the molecular …

Currently, we are on a global pandemic of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) which
causes fever, dry cough, fatigue and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that may …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) evades the host immune
system through a variety of regulatory mechanisms. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes …

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are crucial components in the initiation of innate immune responses
to a variety of pathogens, triggering the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I …

The recent exposure of novel coronavirus strain, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-
CoV-2) has spread to different countries at an alarming rate. Faster transmission rate and …

The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens;
however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is …

Abstract The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has once again reminded us of the
significance of host immune response and consequential havocs of the immune …

Hypercytokinemia, found in SARS-CoV-2 infection, contributes to multiple organ
dysfunctions with acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock etc. The aim of this study was …