The measurement of policy congruence between voters and representatives is one of the
main areas of the empirical study of political representation. Ever since Miller and …

The congruence between public preferences and public policy is of special importance in
representative democracies. We want to know whether the public is getting the policies it …

This chapter connects the two end-poles of the chain of political representation: citizens'
policy preferences and public policy outputs. As a step in between, it discusses work on …

This article focuses on whether styles of representation influence policy congruence. Style of
representation is defined at the party level as the proportion of representatives within parties …

Parties, not individual parliamentary members or voters, will constitute the principle actors in
our analysis. Consequently, we will apply a collectivist model of representation when …

Policy congruence between parties and their voters is a prerequisite for the latter's
representation. Related research typically focuses on the left‐right dimension. We contribute …

The extent to which voters and parties agree on policies is an important way through which
political scientists have empirically studied political representation. This opinion congruence …

One of the most common critiques of political parties is that they no longer represent the
interests of their voters. On one hand, representation literature tasks all parties equally to …

Whether elected representatives live up to the public's expectations is a fundamental
question for any representative democracy. By now, there is a vast literature on the degree …

The relationship between what citizens want in terms of policies and what they get from
political elites is considered one of the key aspects of representative democracies. Scholars …