Mucosal vaccines can effectively induce an immune response at the mucosal site and form
the first line of defense against microbial invasion. The induced mucosal immunity includes …

Based on mucosal immunization to promote both mucosal and systemic immune responses,
next-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines would be administered …

Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the
potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic …

The development and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrated major
successes in providing immunity and preventing severe disease and death. Yet SARS-CoV …

The sudden emergence of a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
in December 2019 from China and its rapid global spread has posed an international health …

On November 7th and 8th, 2022, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
(NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), The Coalition for Epidemic …

Abstract Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the
newly emerged virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has played a critical role in reducing pandemic
spread, disease severity, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, the first-generation …

Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines administered parenterally induce robust systemic
humoral and cellular responses. While highly effective against severe disease, there is …

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has resulted in a pandemic
with millions of deaths. To eradicate SARS-CoV-2 and prevent further infections, many …