IL-4 is a pleiotropic antiinflammatory cytokine, which can be neuroprotective after nervous
system injury. The beneficial actions of IL-4 are thought to result from the blunting of action of …

Background During the inflammation which occurs following nerve damage, macrophages
are recruited to the site of injury. Phenotypic diversity is a hallmark of the macrophage …

There is increasing evidence that inflammatory (M1-polarized) macrophages drive the
nonresolving neuroinflammation that causes neuropathic pain after nerve injury. As …

Cytokines, essential mediators of inflammatory and immune responses, play an important
role in the pathophysiological processes associated with neuropathic pain following …

Insights into mechanisms governing resolution of inflammatory pain are of great importance
for many chronic pain–associated diseases. Here we investigate the role of macrophages …

Interleukin (IL)-18 is an important regulator of innate and acquired immune responses. Here
we show that both the IL-18 and IL-18 receptor (IL-18R), which are induced in spinal dorsal …

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an anti-inflammatory and analgesic cytokine that induces opioid
receptor transcription. We investigated IL-4 knockout (ko) mice to characterize their pain …

Understanding the endogenous mechanisms regulating resolution of pain may identify
novel targets for treatment of chronic pain. Resolution of chemotherapy-induced peripheral …

Pain imposes a significant urden on patients, affecting them physically, psychologically, and
economically. Despite numerous studies on the pathogenesis of pain, its clinical …

Abstract Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is antinociceptive in various animal models of pain without
induction of tolerance, and its mechanism of action was generally believed to be mediated …