The present study examined the pattern of activation of neurons that express dopamine
receptors 1 and 2 (D1R and D2R), and parvalbumin (PV) in mice that underwent extinction …

The ability to extinguish fear memories when threats are no longer present is critical for
adaptive behavior. Fear extinction represents a new learning process that eventually leads …

Dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter, has historically been associated with the
encoding of reward, whereas its role in aversion has received less attention. Here, we …

Fear extinction does not prevent post-traumatic stress or have long-term therapeutic benefits
in fear-related disorders unless extinction memories are easily retrieved at later encounters …

Even after successful extinction, conditioned fear can return. Strengthening the
consolidation of the fear-inhibitory safety memory formed during extinction is one way to …

Dopamine seems to mediate fear conditioning through its action on D2 receptors in the
mesolimbic pathway. Systemic and local injections of dopaminergic agents showed that D2 …

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory including
emotional memory. The involvement of dopamine in conditioned fear has been widely …

Learning to associate certain contexts with threat and adapting to changing environmental
contingencies by learning that such contexts are no longer associated with threat are both …

The medial prefrontal cortex is known to be crucially involved in the memory for fear
extinction. It has been shown that the dopamine D4 receptor is abundantly localized in the …

Extinction of fear responses is critical for adaptive behavior and deficits in this form of safety
learning are hallmark of anxiety disorders. However, the neuronal mechanisms that initiate …