Packet losses increase latency for Web users. Fast recovery is a key mechanism for TCP to
recover from packet losses. In this paper, we explore some of the weaknesses of the …

To serve users quickly, Web service providers build infrastructure closer to clients and use
multi-stage transport connections. Although these changes reduce client-perceived round …

Delayed acknowledgments were introduced to conserve network and host resources.
Further reduction of the acknowledgment frequency can be motivated in the same way …

TCP flows start with an initial congestion window of at most four segments or approximately
4KB of data. Because most Web transactions are short-lived, the initial congestion window is …

TCP performs poorly on paths that reorder packets significantly, where it misinterprets out-of-
order delivery as packet loss. The sender responds with a fast retransmit though no actual …

Modern implementations of TCP contain four intertwined algorithms that have never been
fully documented as Internet standards: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit …

Since the last in-depth studies of measured TCP traffic some 6-8 years ago, the Internet has
experienced significant changes, including the rapid deployment of backbone links with 1-2 …

Despite the fact that Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a stable and mature protocol,
and has been well tuned over years, changes in its congestion control are still in progress …

TCP is the dominant transport protocol used in the Internet and its performance
fundamentally governs the performance of Internet applications. It is well-known that packet …

Spurious TCP retransmission timeouts (RTOs) have been reported to be a problem on
network paths involving links that are prone to sudden delays due to various reasons …