Abstract Background Letters of recommendation (LoRs) play an important role in resident
selection. Author language varies implicitly toward male and female applicants. We …

Background Implicit bias has been documented in candidate selection within academic
medicine. Gender bias is exposed when writers systematically use different language to …

Objective Gender bias has been identified in letters of recommendation (LOR) in many
different surgical training fields. Among surgeons, women comprise over 30% of the full-time …

Background Females comprise 1/3 of general surgery residents, 1/4 of surgical faculty and
10% of full professors. Inadequate sponsorship is one proposed mechanism for this decline …

OBJECTIVE We investigated letters of recommendation for general surgery residency
applicants to determine if any gender-based disparities exist. DESIGN A dictionary of over …

Introduction Medical students applying for general surgery residencies often require a letter
of recommendation (LOR) from the Surgical Chair. However, LORs may reveal gender and …

Objective We asked whether letters of recommendation (LOR) written for applicants to
vascular surgery (VS), a field where men have traditionally predominated, differentially …

Objective The primary purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze letters of
recommendation written for medical students applying to orthopedic residency for implicit …

Objectives To evaluate gender‐based differences in narrative letters of recommendation
(NLORs) and standardized letters of recommendation (SLORs) submitted for applicants to …

Background No published study has explored gender differences in letters of
recommendation for applicants entering surgical subspecialty fellowships. Methods We …