Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a biological exudate and quantification of its constituents is
a current method to identify specific biomarkers with reasonable sensitivity for several …

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-α), are believed to play a role in the biological processes involved in the course of …

The first experimental investigation of orthodontic tooth movement was published by
Sandstedt in 1904–1905. After 100 years, there is a good understanding of the sequence of …

Objective: To evaluate the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand
(RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and …

Aim: Orthodontic malpractice as well as hyperocclusal forces can aggravate periodontitis-
induced destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, but the underlying mechanisms for the co …

Objective: To evaluate whether biomarkers of inflammation and periodontal remodeling are
differentially expressed in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients wearing different …

This review describes the mechanical and biological signalling pathways during orthodontic
tooth movement and provides an update of the current literature. A theoretical model is …

Cytokines are local mediators released by cells of the immune system in response to
stimulation by a variety of agents. These polypeptides may interact directly or indirectly with …

This article described research aimed at testing the hypothesis that tissue remodeling during
orthodontic tooth movement is modulated, at least in part, by factors derived from the …

Summary Objectives: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a recognized immunomodulatory cytokine that
regulates bone homeostasis. However, the influence of IL-4 on orthodontic tooth movement …