The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its associated disease COVID-19 have triggered
significant threats to public health, in addition to political and social changes. An important …

Pathogenic human coronavirus infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV
(SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), cause high morbidity …

COVID-19 is a contagious viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that led to an ongoing
pandemic with massive global health and socioeconomic consequences. The disease is …

The exaggerated immune response induced in the lower respiratory tract against
coronaviruses (CoVs), including CoViD-19 (2019-nCoV), appears to contribute to the …

Abstract The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) imposed public health emergency and
affected millions of people around the globe. As of January 2021, 100 million confirmed …

To date, no vaccines or effective drugs have been approved to prevent or treat COVID-19
and the current standard care relies on supportive treatments. Therefore, based on the fast …

After the 1918 flu pandemic, the world is again facing a similar situation. However, the
advancement in medical science has made it possible to identify that the novel infectious …

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly. Although the
cause was quickly identified as a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2, our knowledge of …

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing major threat to global …

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 causes COVID-19, a pandemic threatening millions. As
protective immunity does not exist in humans and the virus is capable of escaping innate …