Immune molecules such as cytokines and chemokines and the cells that produce them
within the brain, notably microglia, are critical for normal brain development. This recognition …

Environmental challenges to the maternal immune system during pregnancy have been
associated with an increase in the frequency of neurodevelopmental disorders such as …

Increasing evidence points to a central role for immune dysregulation in autism spectrum
disorder (ASD). Several ASD risk genes encode components of the immune system and …

Recent reports have given a central role to environmental factors in the etiology of autism
spectrum disorders (ASD). However, most proposed perinatal factors seem to converge into …

The developing brain is sensitive to a variety of insults. Epidemiological studies have
identified prenatal exposure to infection as a risk factor for a range of neurological disorders …

Early-life immune insults (ELII) including xenobiotic-induced developmental immunotoxicity
(DIT) are important factors in childhood and adult chronic diseases. However, prenatal and …

Exposure to maternal infection in utero increases the risk that offspring will develop
neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia …

Abstract Purpose of Review While genetic factors are a major etiological contributor to
autism spectrum disorder (ASD), evidence also supports a role for environmental factors …

Epidemiological evidence suggests that one's risk of being diagnosed with a
neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD)—such as autism, ADHD, or schizophrenia—increases …

Maternal immune activation (MIA) via infection during pregnancy is known to increase risk
for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear how MIA disrupts fetal brain gene …