A great deal is now known about the mechanisms of conditioned fear acquisition and
expression. More recently, the mechanisms of inhibition of conditioned fear have become …

Excessive fear and anxiety are hallmarks of a variety of disabling anxiety disorders that
affect millions of people throughout the world. Hence, a greater understanding of the brain …

In anxiety disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorders and phobias, classical
conditioning pairs natural (unconditioned) fear-eliciting stimuli with contextual or discrete …

Whereas fear memories are rapidly acquired and enduring over time, extinction memories
are slow to form and are susceptible to disruption. Consequently, behavioral therapies that …

The neural mechanisms by which fear is inhibited are poorly understood at the present time.
Behaviorally, a conditioned fear response may be reduced in intensity through a number of …

Fear extinction, the reduction of fear by repeated exposure to the object of fear, is a crucial
paradigm of inhibitory learning and the acknowledged preclinical model for behavior …

There is considerable interest, from both a basic and clinical standpoint, in gaining a greater
understanding of how pharmaceutical or behavioral manipulations alter fear extinction in …

Although most extinction research is conducted in animal laboratories, the study of extinction
learning in human fear conditioning has gained increasing attention over the last decade …

A conditioned stimulus (CS) associated with a fearsome unconditioned stimulus (US)
generates learned fear. Acquired fear is at the root of a variety of disorders, among which …

Exposure-based treatments for clinical anxiety generally are very effective, but relapse is not
uncommon. Likewise, laboratory studies have shown that conditioned fears are easy to …