The COVID-19 pandemic has placed the practice of medicine at a threshold overlooking a
new and different era, 1 and has led to the evolving concept of COVID-19 cytokine storm …

For long time human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been deemed as nearly inconsequential
pathogens, responsible for up to 30% of common cold cases worldwide each year [1] and …

Objectives: The causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019, severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2, appears exceptional in its virulence and immunopathology. In …

Beginning in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
emerged as a novel pathogen that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS …

Background Cytokine storm is caused by the colossal release of proinflammatory cytokines
[eg, IL (interleukin)-2, IL-6, IL-8 TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α, etc.] causing dysregulated …

Abdullah A. Balkhair, et al. infected individual could infect three), and can spread through
asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic individuals. 12 It has a median incubation period of …

The emergence and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 has brought the world
to a standstill. While less pathogenic than the 2002–2003 SARS-CoV, this novel …

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has
challenged medicine and health care on a global scale. Its impact and frightening mortality …

Interventions: She was being treated aggressively in the intensive care unit with high dose
intravenous ascorbic acid, hydroxychloroquine, and anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody …

Severe COVID-19 is a biphasic illness, with an initial viral replication phase, followed by a
cascade of inflammatory events. Progression to severe disease is predominantly a function …