In March 2020, when coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was just beginning to spread
around the world, we presented the potential benefits and controversies of anti-inflammatory …

Although 80% of individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recover without antiviral treatments, the other 20% progress to …

Abstract Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by systemic hyper-
inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ failure. Cytokine …

Introduction The coronavirus pandemic has affected more than 20 million people so far.
Elevated cytokines and suppressed immune responses have been hypothesized to set off a …

Abstract Initially, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was considered as a pneumonia virus; however, a
series of peer reviewed medical papers published in the last eight months suggest that this …

Background: Numerous cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with
autoimmune and rheumatic manifestations have been reported. Despite the available …

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, COVID-19, was discovered to be the causal agent
of a severe respiratory infection named SARS-CoV-2, and it has since been recognized …

The novel coronavirus pandemic has emerged as one of the significant medical-health
challenges of the current century. The World Health Organization has named this new virus …

COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading global threat that has been declared as a pandemic by the
WHO. COVID-19 is transmitted via droplets or direct contact and infects the respiratory tract …

Evidence from the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has clearly demonstrated that individuals
with pre-existing comorbidities are at a much greater risk of dying from COVID-19. This is of …