The extinction coefficient in conventional polarized light microscopes is non‐zero, even with
perfect polars, solely because of the image formation process in these instruments. The …

Polarizing microscopes, combining a polarizer-analyzer combination, or" polariscope," with
an optical micro scope, have proven useful in many fields. They permit the observation of …

Microscopy and Ancillary Techniques is a culmination of seventy-plus years of microscopy
know-how, skills, and techniques boiled down into its essential elements. Written in an …

Polarization control and analysis have proven to be a powerful tool both in conventional and
confocal microscopies, but most of these approaches have used homogeneously polarized …

In the field of polarizing microscopy, it is known that the surfaces of the condenser, specimen
slide and objective lens elements being employed between the usual polarizer and analyzer …

1. This invention relates to a device for attach ment to microscopes to provide observation
with polarized light for the examination of bire fringent materials. More particularly, the in …

SUMMARY A simple birefringence detection system has been developed that can be used
with any standard polarizing microscope. A Foster prism is utilized in separating the …

The use of radially polarized light is known to produce, when focused by a high-numerical-
aperture objective lens, a spot of light whose polarization is predominantly axial. We have …

We present a confocal microscope for use in three-dimensional polarization analysis. Since
the pinhole before the detector eliminates the light whose polarization is rotated by an …