Some have claimed that referee and home-field bias in football (American soccer) have
been impacted by the fans at the match. When fans are hostile, the threat referees feel to …

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on professional sports, notably, forcing the
National Hockey League to hold its 2020 playoffs in empty arenas. This provided an …

In this paper, we test for, and find evidence of, referee bias in favor of home teams in
European football using minute‐by‐minute analysis to control for within‐game events. The …

Officiating bias is thought to contribute to home advantage. Recent research has shown that
sports with subjective officiating tend to experience greater home advantage and that …

We use a series of historical natural experiments in association football to test whether
social pressure from a home stadium crowd affected behavior and outcomes. The standout …

We investigate to what extent crowd support contributes to the home advantage in soccer,
disentangling this effect from other mechanisms such as players' familiarity with the stadium …

Home advantage is well documented in a wide range of team sports including association
football (soccer). Home team crowd support has been shown to be a likely causal factor and …

We use ghost matches induced by Covid19 in the Bundesliga, Germany's top two football
(soccer) divisions, to investigate whether audiences affect referees. We find that pre …

This article uses player/match-level data from five seasons of the English Premiership
League (EPL) to test for home bias and referee susceptibility to social pressure in the …

Using a five-year data set including the crowd-less games in the 2020 English, Spanish,
Italian, and German first division football leagues and multivariate regression analysis, this …