The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis, with no specific antiviral to treat
the infection and the absence of a suitable vaccine to prevent it. While some individuals …

The diverse clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is emerging as a hallmark of the Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. While the initial target …

The vulnerability of humankind to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of a pre-existing immunity,
the unpredictability of the infection outcome, and the high transmissibility, broad tissue …

While first and foremost considered a respiratory infection, COVID-19 can result in
complications affecting multiple organs. Immune responses in COVID-19 can both protect …

Autoimmunity, hyperstimulation of the immune system, can be caused by a variety of
reasons. Viruses are thought to be important environmental elements that contribute to the …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a severe pandemic of the current century. The vicious …

COVID-19 is a highly heterogeneous and complex medical disorder; indeed, severe COVID-
19 is probably amongst the most complex of medical conditions known to medical science …

Abstract The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic has become a global crisis.
In the immunopathogenesis of COVID‐19, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection induces an excessive …

The “cytokine storm”(CS) consists of a spectrum of different immune dysregulation disorders
characterized by constitutional symptoms, systemic inflammation and multiorgan dysfunction …

Aging is characterized by the dynamic remodeling of the immune system designated
“immunosenescence,” and is associated with altered hematopoiesis, thymic involution, and …