Abstract The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has once again reminded us of the
significance of host immune response and consequential havocs of the immune …

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on our lives and has rapidly
expanded to reach more than 4 million cases worldwide by May 2020. These cases are …

Cell death mechanisms are crucial to maintain an appropriate environment for the
functionality of healthy cells. However, during viral infections, dysregulation of these …

COVID-19 is a contagious viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that led to an ongoing
pandemic with massive global health and socioeconomic consequences. The disease is …

To date, no vaccines or effective drugs have been approved to prevent or treat COVID-19
and the current standard care relies on supportive treatments. Therefore, based on the fast …

Human coronaviruses cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from mild common colds
to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. Three highly pathogenic human …

The clinical progression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection,
coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19), to critical illness is associated with an exaggerated immune …

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in China at the end of
2019. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represents the most common and serious …

Abstract Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a crucial role in host defense against infection and tissue
injuries and is a bioindicator of multiple distinct types of cytokine storms. In this review, we …

Introduction The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of COVID-19 is associated with the
development of critical illness requiring multi-organ support. Further research is required to …