Background Testosterone supplementation has been linked to increased cardiovascular
disease risk in some observational studies. The causal role of testosterone can be …

Background Observationally lower testosterone is associated with an unhealthier
cardiovascular (CVD) risk profile, but this association is open to confounding and reverse …

Objective To determine whether endogenous testosterone has a causal role in
thromboembolism, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. Design Two sample mendelian …

Prospective studies showed that low serum testosterone concentrations are associated with
various cardiometabolic risk factors and mortality. However, the causal nature of these …

Testosterone concentrations in men are associated with cardiovascular morbidity,
osteoporosis, and mortality and are affected by age, smoking, and obesity. Because of …

Background Evolutionary biology suggests growth and reproduction trade-off against
longevity. Correspondingly estrogen supplementation failed to increase lifespan …

Testosterone has historically been linked to sexual dysfunction; however, it has recently
been shown to affect other physical and mental attributes. We attempted to determine …

The principle steroidal androgens are testosterone and its metabolite 5α-
dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is converted from testosterone by the enzyme 5α …

Background Testosterone levels are linked with diverse characteristics of human health, yet,
whether these associations reflect correlation or causation remains debated. Here, we …

Context The literature provides no clear answer as to whether low endogenous testosterone
increases risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in healthy men. Objective Our purpose was …