Cytokines are pleiotropic polypeptides that control the development of and responses
mediated by immune cells. Cytokine classification predominantly relies on [1] the target …

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by the Leishmania genus, affecting millions
of persons in the world. Despite increased studies, no vaccine has been developed against …

Cytokines play crucial roles in commencing and coordinating the organized recruitment and
activation of immune cells during infection. These molecular regulators play an important …

The work of immunologists, cell biologists and parasitologists in the field of leishmaniasis
has not only provided important insights into the immunopathogenesis of this disease, but …

Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus
Leishmania. Successful clearance of Leishmania relies on a robust human immune …

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by different species of the genus Leishmania. Pro-
and anti-inflammatory cytokines play different roles in resistance/susceptibility and the …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics,
subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms …

Leishmaniasis can present as a “spectrum” of clinical outcomes. There is evidence that
these divergent clinical outcomes are attributable to genetic differences in the human host …

Intracellular pathogens, particularly those that inhabit lymphocytes and macrophages,
represent unique challenges to the immune system. Leishmania are protozoan parasites …

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there
are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new …