This chapter addresses the methodological issues associated with equivalence and bias in
cross-cultural research. These issues are a consequence of the nonexperimental nature of …

Bias and equivalence are key concepts in the methodology of cross-cultural studies. Bias is
a generic term for any challenge of the comparability of cross-cultural data; bias leads to …

One major threat to revealing cultural influences on psychological states or processes is the
presence of bias (ie, systematic measurement error). When quantitative measures are not …

" Bias refers to the presence of nuisance factors in cross-cultural research. Three types of
bias are distinguished, depending on whether the nuisance factor is located at the level of …

In every cross-cultural study, the question as to whether test scores obtained in different
cultural populations can be interpreted in the same way across these populations has to be …

In every cross-cultural study, the question as to whether test scores obtained in different
cultural populations can be interpreted in the same way across these populations has to be …

The logic of comparison is taken as a starting point. It is argued that any cross‐cultural
comparison presupposes a comparison scale, ie a scale that is identical across the …

Psychological research that involves cross-cultural comparisons has increased considerably
during the last decade and is expected to escalate further. Given its growing popularity …

Contrary to the tradition in cross-cultural psychology in which bias is identified with the
stimulus by culture interaction in an analysis of variance design, it is argued (and illustrated) …

The major goal of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of the methodological
issues encountered in cross-cultural research. Since the reviews in the first edition of the …