Abstract Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) function as sensors of infection and induce
the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses,,. Upon recognizing conserved …

Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular
patterns, and members of the pro-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family, share …

Members of the Toll-like receptor and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor families all signal via
Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain-driven assemblies with adaptors such as MyD88. We here combine …

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) are serine/threonine kinases that
play critical roles in initiating innate immune responses against foreign pathogens and other …

In humans, ten Toll-like receptor (TLR) paralogues sense molecular components of
microbes, initiating the production of cytokine mediators that create the inflammatory …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces two distinct signaling pathways controlled by the
TIRAP-MyD88 and TRAM-TRIF pairs of adaptor proteins, which elicit the production of …

Summary Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs)− 4,− 2, and− 1 are involved in
transducing signals from Toll-like receptors (TLRs) via the adaptor myeloid differentiation …

The last decade of the 20th century witnessed a dramatic expansion in the field of
immunology, including major discoveries that markedly increased our understanding of …

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that elicits its pleiotropic effects
through activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. Binding of IL-1 to its receptor …

Signaling from the transmembrane receptor Toll to Rel-related transcription factors regulates
dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo, as well as larval and adult immunity. To …