The molecular mechanisms by which pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) signal are
increasingly well understood. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signals through two separate pairs …

The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) signals via the Type-1 IL-1 receptor (IL-
1RI), inducing an increase in the expression of many genes with roles in immunity and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the interleukin-1 receptor superfamily (IL-1Rs) are integral to
both innate and adaptive immunity for host defence,,. These receptors share a conserved …

Abstract Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, 8 and 9 initiate immune responses to
infection by recognizing microbial nucleic acids,; however, these responses come at the cost …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form part of the host innate immune system, in which they act as
sensors of microbial and endogenous danger signals. Upon TLR activation, the intracellular …

Toll-like receptors discriminate between different pathogen-associated molecules and
activate signaling cascades that lead to immune responses. The specificity of Toll-like …

The Toll/interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain is a region found in the cytoplasmic tails of
members of the Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 receptor superfamily. The domain is essential …

Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers activation of a common MyD88-dependent
signaling pathway as well as a MyD88-independent pathway that is unique to TLR3 and …

Members of the IRAK family of kinases mediate Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Here we
show that IRAK2 was essential for sustaining TLR-induced expression of genes encoding …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation is central to immunity, wherein the activation of the TLR9
subfamily members TLR9 and TLR7 results in the robust induction of type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) by …