The interleukin-1 receptor in mammals and the product of the Toll gene in Drosophila are
related transmembrane receptors, involved in the activation of transcription factors of the rel …

Myeloid differentiating factor 88 (MyD88) and MyD88 adaptor-like (Mal) are adaptor
molecules critically involved in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling pathway. While Mal …

The MyD88 adapter protein links members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1
receptor (IL-1R) superfamily to the downstream activation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen …

Macrophages orchestrate innate immunity by phagocytosing pathogens and coordinating
inflammatory responses. Effective defence requires the host to discriminate between …

Abstract The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key proteins that allow mammals—whether
immunologically naive or experienced—to detect microbes. They lie at the core of our …

Innate immune pattern recognition receptors, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are key
mediators of the immune response to infection and central to our understanding of health …

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R) families are of paramount
importance in coordinating the early immune response to pathogens. Signaling via most …

IL-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine that signals through a receptor complex of two different
transmembrane chains to generate multiple cellular responses, including activation of the …

Recognition of pathogens by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers innate immune responses
through signaling pathways mediated by Toll–interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain …

Death domain (DD) superfamily members play a central role in apoptotic and inflammatory
signaling through formation of oligomeric molecular scaffolds. These scaffolds promote the …