Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the recognition of microbial pathogens. A subset of
TLRs, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9, induces antiviral responses by producing interferon-α (IFN-α) …

We report here the identification and functional characterization of DmMyD88, a gene
encoding the Drosophila homolog of mammalian MyD88. DmMyD88 combines a Toll–IL-1R …

The interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling pathway leads to nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)
activation in mammals and is similar to the Toll pathway in Drosophila: the IL-1R–associated …

Macrophages detect pathogen infection via the activation of their plasma membrane-bound
Toll-like receptor proteins (TLRs). The heterotypic interaction between the Toll/interleukin-1 …

MyD88 is an adaptor protein, which plays an essential role in the intracellular signaling
elicited by IL-1R and several TLRs. Central to its function is the ability of its Toll/IL-1R …

The discovery of sequence homology between the cytoplasmic domains of Drosophila Toll
and human interleukin 1 receptors has sown the conviction that both molecules trigger …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a crucial role in the recognition of pathogens and initiation of
immune responses,–. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized protein encoded by …

Abstract The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is a key component of immune
receptors that identify pathogen invasion in bacteria, plants and animals,–. In the bacterial …

Signalling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involves five adaptor proteins known as MyD88,
MAL, TRIF, TRAM and SARM. Recent insights have revealed additional functions for MyD88 …

TLRs activate immune responses by sensing microbial structures such as bacterial LPS,
viral RNA, and endogenous “danger” molecules released by damaged host cells. MyD88 is …