The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family has important roles in microbial recognition and dendritic
cell activation,. TLRs 7 and 9 can recognize nucleic acids,,, and trigger signalling cascades …

In Drosophila, the signaling pathway mediated by the Toll receptor is critical for the
establishment of embryonic dorso-ventral pattern and for innate immune responses to …

The immune system consists of two evolutionarily different but closely related responses,
innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Each of these responses has characteristic …

Signal-transduction pathways activated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been the subject
of intense investigation because of the key role played by TLRs in the recognition and …

Interleukin-1 stimulation leads to the recruitment of MyD88, interleukin-1 receptor-associated
kinase 1 (IRAK-1) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) to the IL-1 …

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 recognize single-stranded RNA and initiate innate
immune responses. Several synthetic agonists of TLR7-TLR8 display novel therapeutic …

The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is a highly conserved signaling domain found in
the intracellular regions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in interleukin-1 receptors, and in …

The Toll family of receptors is required for innate immune response to pathogen-associated
molecules, but the mechanism of signaling is not entirely clear. In Drosophila the prototypic …

Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) results in a proinflammatory response needed to
combat infection. Thus, limiting TLR signaling is essential for preventing a protective …

The Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays an
important role in innate host defense signaling. The TIR-TIR platform formed by the …