The concept that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific molecular patterns in various
pathogens has been established. In signal transduction via TLRs, MyD88, which harbors a …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the detection of invading pathogens within the
body and the subsequent immune response. Individual TLRs recognize distinct microbial …

The innate immune response is the first line of defence against infectious disease. The
principal challenge for the host is to detect the pathogen and mount a rapid defensive …

Innate immunity is the first-line host defense of multicellular organisms that rapidly operates
to limit infection upon exposure to microbes. It involves intracellular signaling pathways in …

The Toll/IL‐1 receptor (TIR) domain plays a central role in Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signalling.
All TLRs contain a cytoplasmic TIR domain, which, upon activation, acts as a scaffold to …

IRAK-4 is a protein kinase that is pivotal in mediating signals for innate immune responses.
Here, we report that IRAK-4 signaling is also essential for eliciting adaptive immune …

The Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) family comprises two groups of transmembrane
proteins, which share functional and structural properties. The members of the IL-1 receptor …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the Toll–interleukin 1 receptor superfamily, which is
defined by a common intracellular Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. A group of TIR domain …

The interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) is an important adapter in the
signaling complex of the Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor family. Formation of the signaling …

Toll is a Drosophila gene essential for ontogenesis and anti-microbial resistance. Several
orthologues of Toll have been identified and cloned in vertebrates, namely Toll-like …