Microbial and synthetic DNA rich in CpG dinucleotides stimulates Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9),
whereas DNA lacking CpG either is inert or can inhibit TLR9 activation. The molecular …

IRAK-4 is a protein kinase that is pivotal in mediating signals for innate immune responses.
Here, we report that IRAK-4 signaling is also essential for eliciting adaptive immune …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the Toll–interleukin 1 receptor superfamily, which is
defined by a common intracellular Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. A group of TIR domain …

In response to microbial or environmental “danger” signals, represented by structural motifs
not normally expressed by cells, Toll-like receptors mediate intracellular signaling that leads …

The signaling pathway downstream of the mammalian interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)/Toll-like
receptor (TLR) is evolutionally conserved with that mediated by theDrosophila Toll protein …

Vertebrates and invertebrates initiate a series of defence mechanisms following infection by
Gram-negative bacteria by sensing the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major …

Signaling by the toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 receptor superfamily requires the
adapter protein myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88). The recent …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise invading pathogens and initiate an innate immune
response by recruiting intracellular adaptor proteins via heterotypic Toll/interleukin1 receptor …

The recessive mutation'Heedless'(hdl) was detected in third-generation N-ethyl-N-
nitrosourea–mutated mice that showed defective responses to microbial inducers …

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) superfamily share
an intracytoplasmic Toll–IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which mediates recruitment of the …