The brain is no longer considered an immune privileged organ and neuroinflammation has
long been associated with Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that …

During Parkinson's disease (PD), both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral
nervous system (PNS) are affected. In parallel, innate immune cells respond early to …

The interest in studying neuroimmune interactions is increasing in the scientific community,
and for many researchers, immunity is becoming a crucial factor in the understanding of the …

The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and most likely involves numerous
environmental and heritable risk factors. Recent studies establish that central and peripheral …

The neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the degeneration and
death of dopamine‐producing neurons in the ventral midbrain, the widespread …

Genetic studies on PARK genes have identified dysfunction in proteasomal, lysosomal, and
mitochondrial enzymes as pathogenic for Parkinson's disease (PD). We review the role of …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-associated
neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and …

For many years, it was postulated that the brain is the organ behind the barrier with an
autonomous need for its maintenance. This view has been changed by the concept that the …

The immune system is designed to protect the host from infection and injury. However, when
an adaptive immune response continues unchecked in the brain, the proinflammatory innate …

Our understanding of the role of innate and adaptive immune cell function in brain health
and how it goes awry during aging and neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy …