Introduction The coronavirus pandemic has affected more than 20 million people so far.
Elevated cytokines and suppressed immune responses have been hypothesized to set off a …

To date, no vaccines or effective drugs have been approved to prevent or treat COVID-19
and the current standard care relies on supportive treatments. Therefore, based on the fast …

The newly emerging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, but …

Objective A critical role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis is played by
immune dysregulation that leads to a generalized uncontrolled multisystem inflammatory …

The COVID-19 outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2) has become a global major concern. In this review, we addressed a theoretical …

Abstract COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, emerged as the deadliest outbreak that has
now become a serious health issue to mankind. Activation of inflammatory signaling …

We demonstrate that the general clinical conditions, risk factors and numerous pathological
and biological features of COVID-19 are analogous with various disorders caused by the …

Sepsis is a life-threatening systemic illness attributed to a dysregulated host response to
infection. Sepsis is a global burden killing~ 11 million persons annually. In December 2019 …

The exaggerated immune response induced in the lower respiratory tract against
coronaviruses (CoVs), including CoViD-19 (2019-nCoV), appears to contribute to the …

Cytokine storm syndrome is a cascade of escalated immune responses disposing the
immune system to exhaustion, which might ultimately result in organ failure and fatal …